Influence of Neuropeptide Y and Neuropeptide Y 2 Receptor Variants in Acute Coronary Syndrome

Abstract Background The neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant neurotransmitters in the nervous system. NPY acts as a potent stimulator of angiogenesis, inflammation, and adipogenesis, through the NPY 2 receptor (NPY2R). Changes in the NPY signaling pathway have been linked to Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Objectives The purpose of this study is to determine the association between variants in the NPY and NPY2R genes, as well as the severity of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods Approximately 221 ACS patients and 278 healthy controls were selected for this study. Four variants in NPY and two variants in NPY2R genes were genotyped using Taqman allelic discrimination and sequencing. The Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to verify the genotype frequencies. The logistic regression analyses were used for the evaluation of the studied variables. Haplotype analysis was used to evaluate the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the variants (p<0.05). Results An association of NPY c.20T>C variant was found with the ACS group when compared to the healthy group. In the analysis between variants and risk factors in the ACS group, NPY c.84G>A was associated with hypertension. The analysis between TIMI risk showed a significance for NPY c.20T>C between the low and intermediate/high TIMI risk groups. In the haplotype analysis, strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) was found between the variants NPY c.150G>A and NPY c.-485T>C. Conclusion The NPY c.20T>C variant appears to contribute to the development of ACS. The NPY2R c.-1116A>G variant may contribute to the early development of ACS and the NPY c.84G>A variant appears to contribute to the development of hypertension. In addition, the NPY c.20T>C is associated with a protective effect in ACS severity.

Kounis Syndrome: Case Report in Goiânia/BR

Abstract 22-year-old male patient with no heart disease, who was given an ambulatory medication with analgesics due to an acute renal crisis. After the drug administration, the patient presented dyspnea, cyanosis, and hemoptysis. There was suspicion of anaphylactic shock, which was treated, but there was no improvement in the clinical condition. The patient was referred to the Intensive Care Unit, where tests were performed showing elevated cardiac enzymes and Immunoglobulin E and Computed Tomography of Thoracic revealed alveolar hemorrhage. He developed clinical worsening and died after sepsis. The final diagnosis was of kounis syndrome due to the hypersensitivity reaction to the analgesics introduced in the patient, generating an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The purpose of this case report was to highlight a syndrome that is little reported because it is not part of the differential diagnosis routines of ACS, but it generates important complications.

Practical Approach to Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients with COVID-19

Abstract Acute cardiac injury is associated with higher mortality in patients with the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and the exact etiology can be challenging to diagnose in the emergency setting during the pandemic. From a pathophysiological perspective, SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by an overproduction of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha) that leads to systemic inflammation and consequent increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) caused by atheromatous plaque rupture and significant myocardial oxygen supply-demand imbalance. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 tropism to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system through the ACE2 receptor induces myocarditis that may rapidly progress to left ventricular dysfunction and hemodynamic instability. Myocardial inflammation with pericardial involvement, i.e. , myopericarditis, can progress to cardiac tamponade and obstructive shock. These cardiovascular complications, which are associated with a worse prognosis and higher mortality, can be associated with clinical manifestations, electrocardiographic changes, and troponin values similar to AMI. Thus, the diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute chest pain and dyspnea admitted to the emergency department is a significant challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we provide a review of the literature focusing on a practical approach to acute coronary syndrome patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19.

Implicaciones cardiovasculares de la infección por SARS-CoV-2: revisión de literatura / Cardiovascular implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a literature review

En diciembre de 2019 se reportó en Wuhan, China, la aparición de una nueva cepa de coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 que producía un compromiso pulmonar severo y progresaba a estrés respiratorio agudo. A la fecha, son más de diecisiete millones los casos confirmados y más de medio millón los fallecidos en todo el mundo a causa de COVID-19. Los estudios reportan que los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular son más susceptibles a contraer esta enfermedad y a presentar más complicaciones. El propósito de esta revisión es proporcionar información actualizada para los profesionales de la salud que atienden a pacientes con COVID-19 y que tienen además enfermedad cardiovascular y por ende un riesgo elevado de complicaciones y mortalidad. Realizamos una búsqueda de bibliografía científica acerca de la asociación de enfermedad cardiovascular y COVID-19 en diferentes bases de datos como Scopus, MEDLINE vía PubMed y Cochrane Library. El tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina y bloqueadores del receptor de angiotensina ha sido motivo de discusión y no hay evidencia sólida para contraindicarlo en pacientes con COVID-19. Respecto al tratamiento con hidroxicloroquina asociado o no con azitromicina, hay evidencia que demuestra un mayor riesgo con su utilización, que beneficio clínico y/o disminución de mortalidad. En este contexto, los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca representan un grupo importante de riesgo por su condición per se y por el dilema diagnóstico generado al evaluar un paciente con COVID-19, en el que los signos de insuficiencia cardíaca aguda podrían enmascararse. Por otro lado, en los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo, el enfoque terapéutico inicial podría cambiar en el contexto de la pandemia, aunque sólo sobre la base de opiniones de expertos. Quedan, sin embargo, muchos temas en controversia que serán motivo de investigaciones futuras.

In December 2019, a new strain of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus was reported in Wuhan, China, which produced severe lung involvement and progressed to respiratory distress. To date, more than seventeen million confirmed cases and more than half a million died worldwide from COVID-19. Patients with cardiovascular disease are more susceptible to contracting this disease and presenting more complications. We did a literature search on the association of cardiovascular disease and COVID-19 in databases such as Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library. The purpose of this review is to provide updated information for health professionals who care for patients with COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease, given that they have a high risk of complications and mortality. Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and receptor blockers is controversial, and there is no evidence not to use these medications in patients with COVID-19. Regarding treatment with hydroxychloroquine associated or not with azithromycin, there is evidence of a higher risk with its use than clinical benefit and decreased mortality. Likewise, patients with heart failure are an important risk group due to their condition per se. Patients with heart failure and COVID-19 are a diagnostic dilemma because the signs of acute heart failure could be masked. On the other hand, in patients with acute coronary syndrome, the initial therapeutic approach could change in the context of the pandemic, although only based on expert opinions. Nonetheless, many controversial issues will be the subject of future research.

Long-term traumatic and asymptomatic aorto-right atrial fistula

Abstract Aorto-atrial fistulas due to cardiac trauma are rare, and survivors require immediate surgical correction. Here, we report a case of an aorto-right atrial fistula due to penetrating trauma after a 16-year evolution, which developed symptoms of acute coronary syndrome and was treated with myocardial revascularization and correction of the aorto-cameral fistula.

Major Depression and Acute Coronary Syndrome-Related Factors / Depressão Maior e Fatores Relacionados na Síndrome Coronariana Aguda

Abstract Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most common mental illnesses in psychiatry, being considered a risk factor for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Objective: To assess the prevalence of MDD in ACS patients, as well as to analyze associated factors through the interdependence of sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical variables. Methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, case-series study conducted on patients hospitalized consecutively at the coronary units of three public hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro over a 24-month period. All participants answered a standardized questionnaire requesting sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical data, as well as a structured diagnostic interview for the DSM-IV regarding ongoing major depressive episodes. A general log-linear model of multivariate analysis was employed to assess association and interdependence with a significance level of 5%. Results: Analysis of 356 patients (229 men), with an average and median age of 60 years (SD ± 11.42, 27-89). We found an MDD point prevalence of 23%, and a significant association between MDD and gender, marital status, sedentary lifestyle, Killip classification, and MDD history. Controlling for gender, we found a statistically significant association between MDD and gender, age ≤ 60 years, sedentary lifestyle and MDD history. The log-linear model identified the variables MDD history, gender, sedentary lifestyle, and age ≤ 60 years as having the greatest association with MDD. Conclusion: Distinct approaches are required to diagnose and treat MDD in young women with ACS, history of MDD, sedentary lifestyle, and who are not in stable relationships.

Resumo Fundamento: O transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) é um dos distúrbios mentais mais comuns em psiquiatria, sendo um fator de risco para síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de TDM em pacientes com SCA, assim como analisar os fatores associados através da interdependência de variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e de estilo de vida. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal conduzido em pacientes hospitalizados consecutivamente nas unidades coronarianas de três hospitais públicos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro num período de 24 meses. Todos os participantes responderam a um questionário padrão sobre dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e de estilo de vida, assim como participaram de uma entrevista clínica estruturada do DSM-IV sobre episódio depressivo maior atual. Aplicou-se um modelo log-linear de análise multivariada para avaliar associação e interdependência, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Análise de 356 pacientes (229 homens) com idade média e mediana de 60 anos (DP ± 11,42; 27-89). Encontrou-se uma prevalência pontual de TDM de 23%, e significativa associação de TDM com as variáveis sexo, estado civil, sedentarismo, classificação Killip e história de TDM. Ao controlar por sexo, observou-se associação estatisticamente significativa entre TDM e sexo, idade ≤ 60 anos, sedentarismo e história de TDM. O modelo log-linear identificou as variáveis história de TDM, sexo, sedentarismo e idade ≤ 60 anos como tendo a maior associação com TDM. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam a necessidade de abordagens distintas para diagnosticar e tratar TDM em mulheres jovens com SCA, história de TDM, sedentarismo e que não estejam em relações estáveis.

Síndrome coronariana aguda como apresentação atípica do fenômeno de roubo subclávio / Acute coronary syndrome as an atypical presentation of the phenomenon of subclavian steal

Roubo coronariano da subclávia (RCS) é um fenômeno raro que ocorre em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica com enxerto de artéria torácica interna esquerda (ATIE) e que causa estenose da artéria subclávia ipsilateral e proximal à origem da ATIE. Relatamos o caso de um paciente masculino de 65 anos que apresentou quadro atípico de síndrome do RCS, manifestando-se como síndrome coronariana aguda no pós-operatório de cirurgia vascular (AU)

Coronary subclavian steal (CSS) is a rare phenomenon that occurs in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery using the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) causing stenosis of the ipsilateral subclavian artery proximal to the origin of the LITA. We report the case of a 65-year-old male patient who presented with atypical CSS syndrome, manifesting as acute coronary syndrome after vascular surgery (AU)

Paradoxo dos fatores de risco na ocorrência de parada cardiorrespiratória em pacientes com síndrome coronária aguda / Risk factor paradox in the occurrence of cardiac arrest in acute coronary syndrome patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar pacientes admitidos com síndrome coronariana aguda sem prévia identificação de fatores de risco cardiovascular com pacientes que portavam um ou mais fatores de risco. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva dos pacientes admitidos com o primeiro episódio de síndrome coronariana aguda sem cardiopatia prévia, incluídos em um registro nacional de síndrome coronariana aguda. Os pacientes foram divididos segundo o número de fatores de risco: nenhum fator de risco (G0), um ou dois fatores de risco (G1 - 2) e três ou mais fatores de risco (G ≥ 3). Realizou-se uma análise comparativa entre os três grupos e se estudaram os preditores independentes de parada cardíaca e óbito. Resultados: O total apurado foi de 5.518 pacientes, 72,2% deles do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 64 ± 14 anos. O G0 teve uma incidência maior de infarto do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST, sendo o vaso mais frequentemente envolvido a artéria descendente anterior esquerda, e menor prevalência de envolvimento de múltiplos vasos. Embora o G0 tivesse uma classe Killip mais baixa (96% Killip I; p < 0,001) e maior fração de ejeção (G0: 56 ± 10% versus G1 - 2 e G ≥ 3: 53 ± 12%; p = 0,024) na admissão, houve incidência significantemente maior de parada cardíaca. A análise multivariada identificou ausência de fatores de risco como um fator independente para parada cardíaca (OR 2,78; p = 0,019). A mortalidade hospitalar foi ligeiramente maior no G0, embora sem significância estatística. Segundo a análise de regressão de Cox, o número de fatores de risco não se associou com mortalidade. Os preditores de óbito em 1 ano de seguimento foram infarto do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST (OR 1,05; p < 0,001) e fração de ejeção inferior a 50% (OR 2,34; p < 0,001). Conclusão: Embora o grupo sem fatores de risco fosse composto de pacientes mais jovens e com menos comorbidades, melhor função ventricular esquerda e coronariopatia menos extensa, a ausência de fatores de risco foi um preditor independente de parada cardíaca.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare patients without previously diagnosed cardiovascular risk factors) and patients with one or more risk factors admitted with acute coronary syndrome. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of patients admitted with first episode of acute coronary syndrome without previous heart disease, who were included in a national acute coronary syndrome registry. The patients were divided according to the number of risk factors, as follows: 0 risk factor (G0), 1 or 2 risk factors (G1 - 2) and 3 or more risk factors (G ≥ 3). Comparative analysis was performed between the three groups, and independent predictors of cardiac arrest and death were studied. Results: A total of 5,518 patients were studied, of which 72.2% were male and the mean age was 64 ± 14 years. G0 had a greater incidence of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, with the left anterior descending artery being the most frequently involved vessel, and a lower prevalence of multivessel disease. Even though G0 had a lower Killip class (96% in Killip I; p < 0.001) and higher ejection fraction (G0 56 ± 10% versus G1 - 2 and G ≥ 3 53 ± 12%; p = 0.024) on admission, there was a significant higher incidence of cardiac arrest. Multivariate analysis identified the absence of risk factors as an independent predictor of cardiac arrest (OR 2.78; p = 0.019). Hospital mortality was slightly higher in G0, although this difference was not significant. By Cox regression analysis, the number of risk factors was found not to be associated with mortality. Predictors of death at 1 year follow up included age (OR 1.05; p < 0.001), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (OR 1.94; p = 0.003) and ejection fraction < 50% (OR 2.34; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Even though the group without risk factors was composed of younger patients with fewer comorbidities, better left ventricular function and less extensive coronary disease, the absence of risk factors was an independent predictor of cardiac arrest.

Atualização no manejo clínico do choque cardiogênico / Update on clinical management of cardiogenic shock

O choque cardiogênico é uma síndrome clínica caracterizada por hipoperfusão tecidual secundária à disfunção cardíaca, na ausência de hipovolemia. A etiologia principal é o infarto agudo do miocárdio com falência de ventrículo esquerdo, embora existam outras causas relevantes, como complicações mecânicas do infarto, miocardites, evolução de cardiomiopatias, valvopatias agudas não isquêmicas e cardiomiopatia induzida pelo estresse, por exemplo. Apesar dos avanços terapêuticos, persiste como uma afecção de elevada mortalidade e sua incidência não se modificou significativamente nas últimas décadas. A instalação do choque em pacientes com síndromes coronarianasagudas ocorre mais frequentemente após a internação hospitalar, ressaltandoa importância da identificação de preditores e da monitorização de sinais precoces de hipoperfusão tecidual para pronta intervenção. O diagnóstico é essencialmente clínico e alguns exames subsidiários, como eletrocardiograma, marcadores de necrose miocárdica,ecocardiograma e cineangiocoronariografia, que são importantes para a definição da etiologia, estratificação da gravidade e do prognóstico. O manejo adequado dos pacientes requer avaliação dos parâmetros de macro e micro-hemodinâmica. Os principais objetivos terapêuticos incluem a restauração precoce da perfusão tecidual sistêmica ea recuperação da função ventricular. O tratamento inclui medidas gerais para pacientes com choque como ajuste de volemia e adequação da perfusão tecidual com uso de inotrópicos, vasopressores e dispositivos de assistência ventricular, além de medidasespecíficas, direcionadas para a etiologia do choque, como a revascularização precoce nas síndromes coronarianas agudas...

Cardiogenic shock is a clinical syndrome characterized by tissue hypoperfusionsecondary to cardiac dysfunction, in the absence of hypovolemia. Left ventricular failure complicating acute myocardial infarction is the main cause, although other relevant causes include mechanical complications of infarction, myocarditis, progression of cardiomyopathies, acute non-ischemic valvular heart disease, and stress-induced cardiomyopathies, for example. Despite therapeutic advances, it persists as a condition of high mortality, and its incidence has not changed significantly in the last decades.The onset of cardiogenic shock in patients with acute coronary syndromes frequently occurs after hospital admission, reinforcing the importance of identifying predictors and monitoring early signs of tissue hypoperfusion for prompt intervention. The diagnosisis essentially clinical plus some additional tests such as electrocardiogram, myocardial necrosis markers, echocardiogram, and coronary angiography, which are important fordefining the etiology, stratification of severity and prognosis. Proper management of patients requires assessment of macro- and micro-hemodynamic parameters. The maintherapeutic goals include early restoration of tissue perfusion and recovery of ventricular function. Treatment includes general medical care for patients with shock as optimizingvolemia and adjusting of tissue perfusion with inotropic agents, vasopressors and ventricular assist devices, as well as specific interventions focused on the shock etiology, like early revascularization in acute coronary syndromes...

Complicações da síndrome coronariana e de acidente vascular encefálico em estudo de coorte / Complications of coronary syndrome and stroke in cohort study

Fundamentos: Os componentes da síndrome coronariana aguda e do acidente vascular encefálico apresentamem sua etiologia o envolvimento de processo aterotrombótico. Ambas as doenças apresentam fatores de risco em comum e grande parte deles é modificável. O entendimento de que essas doenças são consequências do processo vascular subjacente possibilita o desenvolvimento de novas intervenções terapêuticas e pode ajudar a identificar pacientes de risco e, portanto, prevenir manifestações da aterotrombose.Objetivos: Verificar a incidência de complicações da síndrome coronariana aguda ou de acidente vascular encefálico e seus fatores de risco em uma coorte, durante um ano de acompanhamento. Métodos: Estudo de coorte, prospectivo, que incluiu pacientes de ≥30 anos, de ambos os sexos, com diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana aguda ou de acidente vascular encefálico, internados em hospital na cidade de Porto Alegre, RS. O desfecho foi a presença de complicações até um ano após a alta hospitalar. Foram consideradas complicações: a ocorrência de novo episódio de AVE, de reinfarto, de insuficiência cardíaca ou de óbito. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para a análise ajustada. Resultados: De 512 participantes, 130 apresentaram complicações (27,6%; IC95% 23,6-31,7). Os participantes com≥80 anos (p=0,01), cor da pele não branca (p=0,008), com hábito de fumar (p=0,01) e diabetes mellitus (p=0,02)apresentaram maior incidência de complicações. Conclusões: A incidência de complicações por SCA ou AVE foi elevada. As doenças confirmaram sua condição de gravidade, sendo a ocorrência de óbitos a complicação mais incidente no acompanhamento. Observou-se importante associação do diabetes mellitus e do tabagismo com a ocorrência de complicações mesmo com ocontrole para idade e cor da pele.

Background: The components of acute coronary syndrome and stroke have the involvement of atherothrombotic process in their etiology. Both diseases have risk factors in common and most of them are modifiable. Understanding that these diseases are consequences of the underlying vascular process enables the development of new therapeutic interventions and can help identify patients at risk and thus prevent manifestations of atherothrombosis. Objectives: To check the incidence of complications of acute coronary syndrome or stroke and its risk factors in a cohort over on eyear of follow-up. Methods: Cohort prospective study that included patients aged ≥ 30 years, of both sexes, diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome or stroke admitted to the hospital in Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul. The outcome was the presence of complications up toone year after hospital discharge. The following were considered complications: the occurrence of new episode of stroke, reinfarction, heart failure or death. We used Poisson regression with robust variance in the adjusted analysis. Results: Of 512 participants, 130 had complications (27.6%; 95% CI 23.6-31.7). Participants aged ≥ 80 (p=0.01), white color(p=0.008), smokers (p=0.01) and with diabetes mellitus (p=0.02) presented greater incidence of complications. Conclusions: The incidence of complications for ACS or stroke was high. Diseases confirmed the severity of condition. The occurrenceof deaths was the most frequent complication in the follow-up. There was an important association of diabetes mellitus and smoking with the occurrence of complications, even controlling for age and skin color.

Disección espontánea de la arteria circunfleja: un caso poco frecuente / Spontaneous dissection of the circumflex artery: a rare case

La disección espontánea de las arterias del árbol coronario es una causa poco frecuente de síndrome coronario agudo. Afecta predominantemente a mujeres sin factores de riesgo cardiovasculares. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 46 años de edad sin antecedentes de relevancia con precordialgia típica sin cambios en el electrocardiograma con elevación enzimática. A las 24hs repite episodio anginoso por lo que se realiza cinecoronariografía en donde se evidencia una disección espontánea helicoidal de la arteria circunfleja. Se lleva a cabo angioplastia con 3 stent metálicos. La paciente evolucionó asintomática durante el seguimiento...

Registro de síndromes coronarios agudos sin elevación del segmento ST en un centro hospitalario de tercer nivel de atención (estudio RESCATA-SEST) / Registry of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes in a tertiary hospital (RESCATA-SEST registry)

Objetivo: Describir el perfil clinicoepidemiológico y el proceso de atención del síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST en un hospital de tercer nivel. Método: Se analiza la información clínica, la estratificación de riesgo, la terapia de revascularización y los hábitos de prescripción al egreso de los casos con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST atendidos en un año. Resultados: Se incluyeron 283 pacientes con una edad media de 58 años; el 63%, masculino. La mayoría (88.6%) de los casos ocurrió entre los 50 y 59 años. La hipertensión arterial fue el factor de riesgo predominante. El 82.5% de los sujetos tuvo índice TIMI de riesgo bajo-intermedio. En el 37% de los pacientes hubo isquemia residual y en 80 (70%) se demostraron obstrucciones coronarias. Setenta y dos pacientes (90%) fueron revascularizados con stent, principalmente farmacológico (87.5%). Más del 90% de los casos recibió estatina y antiplaquetarios al egreso; otros medicamentos se indicaron en poco más del 50%. Conclusiones: En la población estudiada, el síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST predomina en hombres relativamente jóvenes e hipertensos. Estratificar el riesgo, buscar isquemia residual y revascularizar con stent farmacológico son prácticas comunes; el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia es subóptimo.

Objective: To describe the clinical-epidemiologic profile and the process of care of the non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes in a tertiary hospital. Method: We analyzed the clinical information, the risk stratification and diagnostic methods, the revascularization therapy and the prescription trends at discharge, of patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes cared for in one year. Results: Two hundred and eighty-three patients with mean age of 58 years were included (63% men). The largest number of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (88.6%) was found between 50 to 59 years of age. The most common risk factor was hypertension; 82.5% of the patients had a low-intermediate TIMI score; residual ischemia was demonstrated in 37% and coronary obstructions were seen in 80 patients (70%). In 90%, a percutaneous coronary intervention was performed, mainly with drug-eluting Stents (87.5%). At discharge, even though antiplatelet agents and statins were prescribed in more than 90%, other drugs were indicated in a few more than 50% of patients. Conclusions: In this population, non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes predominates in relatively young men, often with hypertension. To stratify risk, to look for residual ischemia and to revascularize with drug-eluting stents are common practices, but the evidence-based guidelines compliance is still suboptimal.

Feocromocitoma :presentación como síndrome coronario agudo: Reporte de un caso / Presentation of a pheochromocytoma as an acute coronary syndrome: Report of one case

The typical symptoms of pheochromocytoma are palpitations, sweating, headaches and hypertension. We report a 70-year-old female admitted to the hospital due to a sudden onset of precordial pain with electrocardiographic changes. After admission the patient evolved with recurrent chest pain accompanied by hypertensive paroxysms and a pheochromocytoma was suspected. Measurement of catecholamines and metanephrines confirmed the diagnosis and an abdominal magnetic resonance localized the tumor. The patient underwent surgery with successful removal of the pheochromocytoma and was discharged in good conditions.

Copa do mundo de futebol como desencadeador de eventos cardiovasculares / World soccer cup as a trigger of cardiovascular events

FUNDAMENTO: Síndromes coronarianas agudas são a maior causa de mortalidade no mundo. Estímulos externos, também conhecidos como gatilhos, como estado emocional ou atividade física, podem produzir mudanças fisiopatológicas desencadeantes. Dentre os gatilhos estudados, eventos estressantes, como campeonatos de futebol, são controversos na literatura e não há dados efetivos para a população brasileira. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos agudos do estresse ambiental induzido pelos jogos da Copa do Mundo de Futebol no aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram obtidos dados publicamente disponíveis do Sistema Único de Saúde referentes às internações hospitalares com código internacional de doenças, referentes às síndromes isquêmicas agudas, no período de maio a agosto de 1998 a 2010 (155.992 internações). Restringiu-se a análise aos pacientes maiores que 35 anos e internados por especialidades clínicas. Comparou-se a incidência de infarto e óbito entre os dias sem copa (Grupo I: 144.166; 61,7 ± 12,3 anos; 59,4%masculino), dias de copa sem jogos do Brasil (Grupo II: 9.768; 61,8 ± 12,3 anos; 60,0% masculino) e dias de jogos do Brasil (Grupo III: 2.058; 61,6 ± 12,6 anos; 57,8% masculino). Utilizou-se regressão logística e de Poisson para ajustar por idade, gênero, densidade populacional e número de postos de atendimento. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento da incidência de infarto para jogos de copa do mundo (1,09; IC95% = 1,05-1,15) e do Brasil (1,16; IC95% = 1,06-1,27). Não houve impacto sobre mortalidade - copa (1,00; IC95% = 0,93-1,08) e Brasil (1,04; IC95% = 0,93-1,22). CONCLUSÃO: A copa do mundo e, especialmente, os jogos da seleção brasileira implicam maior incidência de infarto agudo do miocárdio, mas não de mortalidade intra-hospitalar.

BACKGROUND: Acute coronary syndromes are the major cause of death in Brazil and in the world. External stimuli, known also as triggers, such as emotional state and activity, may generate physiopathological changes that can trigger acute coronary syndromes. Among the studied triggers, the impact of stressful events, such as soccer championships, are controversial in literature and there is no effective data on the Brazilian population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the acute effects of environmental stress induced by soccer games of the World Soccer Cup on increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Brazil. METHODS: Public data were obtained from the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde), regarding hospital admissions that had the International Code Disease of acute coronary syndromes from May to August, in 1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010 (155,992 admissions). Analysis was restricted to patients older than 35 years and admitted by clinical specialties. The incidence of myocardial infarction, angina and mortality were compared among days without World Cup soccer games (Group I: 144,166; 61.7 ± 12.3; 59.4% males); on days when there were no Brazil's soccer team matches (Group II: 9,768; 61.8±12.3; 60.0% males); and days when there were Brazil's soccer team matches (Group III; 2,058; 61.6±12.6; 57.8% males). Logistic regression was used to adjust to age, gender, population density and number of medical assistance units. RESULTS: The incidence of myocardial infarction increased during the period of World Cup soccer games (1.09; 95%CI = 1.05-1.15) and days when there were Brazil's matches (1.16; 95%CI = 1.06-1.27). There was no impact on mortality during the Cup (1.00; CI95% = 0.93-1.08) and Brazil's matches (1.04; 95%CI = 0.93-1.22). CONCLUSION: World Cup soccer games and, specially, Brazil's matches have an impact on the incidence of myocardial infarction, but not on in-hospital mortality.